Triterpenoid saponins from Medicago hispida.

Soyasaponin III has been characterized and the structure of a new triterpenoid saponin, hispidacin, has been elucidated as soyasapogenol B-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranopyranosyl(1----2)- beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1----2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside by a combination of fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and some chemical transformations. Mechanism of transformation of soyasapogenol B to soyasapogenols D, and F has also been rationalized.     

Translation and ribosome assembly in extremely thermophilic archaebacteria.

Several features of translation and ribosome structure in extremely thermophilic, sulfur-dependent archaebacteria are described, including: i) a peculiar mechanism of transfer RNA-mediated 70S ribosome formation from free subunits; ii) poly(U)translation by hybrid ribosomes composed by one archaebacterial and one eucaryotic subunit; iii) ribosome assembly and homologous and heterologous RNA/protein recognition.     

Pyridostigmine enhances even if it does not normalize the growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing hormone in patients with Cushing's disease.

Subjects with Cushing's disease have diminished growth hormone (GH) response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). The aim of our study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of this diminished GH response in these patients using pyridostigmine (PD), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which is reported to increase GH secretion by reducing somatostatin tone. Eight subjects with untreated Cushing's disease (caused by a pituitary adenoma) and 6 control subjects received GHRH 100 micrograms in 1 ml of saline, as intravenous bolus injection 60 min after (1) placebo (2 tablets, p.o.) or (2) PD (120 mg, p.o.). After GHRH plus placebo, the GH peak (mean +/- SEM) was significantly lower in subjects with Cushing's disease (2.4 +/- 0.5 micrograms/l) compared to control subjects (25.1 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05). After GHRH plus PD, the GH peak was significantly enhanced both in subjects with Cushing's disease (7.1 +/- 2.3 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05) and in control subjects (42.3 +/- 4.3 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05). In patients with Cushing's disease, the GH response to GHRH plus PD was lower with respect to the GH response to GHRH alone in normal subjects. We conclude that hypercortisolism may cause a decrease in central cholinergic tone which is in turn hypothesized to be responsible of an enhanced somatostatin release from the hypothalamus. However, other metabolic or central nervous system alterations may act synergistically with hypercortisolism in causing GH inhibition in patients with Cushing's disease.     

In Situ Analysis of Na,K-ATPase α1- and α3-Isoform mRNAs in Aging Rat Hippocampus

Abstract: Age-related changes in the expression of Na,K-ATPase α1- and α3-isoform mRNAs were analyzed by in situ hybridization in the Fischer-344 rat hippocampus. Quantification of signal density with cRNA probes in rat hippocampus at 3 months of age showed (a) α1 content is 1.5 times higher in granule than in pyramidal cell layers, whereas α3 content shows the opposite ratio and (b) α3 label is found in large clusters related to mossy cells and basket cells and in medium clusters corresponding to interneurons within the dendritic fields of CA1–3. In the 24-month-old rats as compared with the young animals, the α1 signal is increased more than sevenfold in the dendritic fields and is not significantly changed in perikaryal layers. The α3 signal is reduced about threefold ( p < 0.0001, ANOVA, n = 6) in perikaryal layers, is almost completely absent over the interneurons, basket cells, and mossy cells, and is not significantly changed in dendritic fields. These data indicate age-related, cell- and isoform-specific alterations in pretranslational regulation of Na,K-ATPase α isoforms. The striking changes in the dendritic fields, mossy cells, and GABAergic basket cells and interneurons may constitute early and sensitive markers for age-related alterations in hippocampal function, before cell loss.